Selling Your Father’s Bones: The Epic Fate of the American West

Selling Your Father’s Bones: The Epic Fate of the American West
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Part historical narrative, part travelogue through the wilds of the West and part environmental polemic, ‘Selling Your Father's Bones’ is a thrilling journey through the history and wilderness of the stunning area of landscape that is Continental USA.In the summer of 1877, around seven hundred members of the Nez Perce Native American tribe set out on one of the most remarkable journeys in the history of the American West, a 1,700-mile exodus through the mountains, forests, badlands and prairies of modern-day Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming and Montana. They had been forced from their homes by the great wave of settlement that crashed over the West as the American nation was born.Led by their charismatic chiefs, the Nez Perce used their unerring knowledge of the landscapes they passed through to survive six battles and many more skirmishes with the pursuing United States Army, as they raced, with women, children and village elders in their care, towards the safety of the Canadian border. But all Chief Joseph, the young pastoral leader of the exodus, wanted was to return home - to his beloved Wallowa valley, which his dying father had ordered him never to abandon: 'Never sell the bones of your father and your mother.’Now, Brian Schofield retraces the steps of that epic exodus, to tell the full dramatic story of the Nez Perce's fight for survival - and to examine the forces that drove them to take flight. The white settlement of the West had been largely motivated by patriotic fervour and religious zeal, a faith that the American continent had been laid out by God to fuel the creation of a mighty empire. But as he travels through the lands that the Nez Perce knew so well, Schofield reveals that the great project of the Western Empire has gone badly awry, as the mythology of the settlers opened the door to ecological vandalism, unthinking corporations and negligent leadership, which have lest scarred landscapes, battered communities and toxic environments.

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SELLING YOUR FATHER’S BONES

The Epic Fate of the American West

BRIAN SCHOFIELD



CONTENTS

Dedication

Epigraph

List of Illustrations

Prologue

Maps

1 Homeland

2 Settlement

3 Fever

4 Poison

5 Outbreak

6 Unequal War

7 To the Big Hole

8 Survival

9 Crescendo

10 Climax

11 ‘We’re Still Here’

Notes

Bibliography

Acknowledgements

Index

Copyright

About the Publisher

DEDICATION

For my grandfather

EPIGRAPH

‘I believe…that sooner or later…somewhere…somehow…we must settle with the world and make payment for what we have taken’

The Lone Ranger’s Creed

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Page
5 Nimiipuu petroglyphs © Author
21 The Rev. Henry Spalding © National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution (GN 02973)
24 Dancers at the Tamkaliks Celebration © Author
33 The Wallowa Valley © Author
46 A sketch of Tuekakas © Washington State Historical Society, Tacoma
61 Chief Lawyer, 1868 © Photo courtesy of National Park Service, Nez Perce National Historical Park. Photo number: NEPE-HI-0395. Photographer: Shindler A. Zeno. 1868. Location: Washington DC
79 General Oliver Otis Howard © The O.O. Howard Papers, Manuscripts Division. Moorland-Spingarn Research Centre, Howard University
82 Traditionalist, or ‘Dreamer’ Nez Perce, 1876 © Photo courtesy of National Park Service, Nez Perce National Historical Park. Photo number: NEPE-HI-1683. Photographer and date unknown. Location: Spalding, Idaho
98 The likely Nez Perce crossing point on the Snake River © Author
102 Uncle Sam heads west © Historical Society of Montana, Helena
105 Irrigation in the Wallowa Valley © Author
124 White Bird Canyon © Author
132 The Camas Prairie © Author
139 Chief Looking Glass © National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution (GN02953a)
145 Yellow Wolf © Historical Society of Montana, Helena
149 Pow-Wow in Idaho © Author
161 Indian prayer site on the Lolo Trail © Author
170 The Checkerboard © Science Photo Library
192 Smokestacks in Butte © Historical Society of Montana, Helena
198 The Berkeley Pit © Historical Society of Montana, Helena
206 Chief Charlot © Historical Society of Montana, Helena
217 Colonel John Gibbon © Denver Public Library, Western History Collection
221 Lodgepoles at Big Hole © Author
235 US Army’s makeshift defences at Camas Meadows © Author
243 George Cowan © Historical Society of Montana, Helena
254 Colonel Samuel D. Sturgis © Denver Public Library, Western History Collection
263 The northern plains © Author
284 Abandoned farmstead, Wheatland County © Author
288 The Missouri Breaks badlands © Author
290 A ‘zeroed-out’ school © Author
297 Colonel Nelson A. Miles © Historical Society of Montana, Helena
310 The memorial to Chief Joseph’s declaration of surrender © Author
314 Chief Joseph © National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution (GN 02905)
350 Horace Axtell and Rebecca Miles © Katherine Jones, The Idaho Statesman

Prologue

As THE SUN glowed red across the grassland, a group of children headed away from the village, through the willow trees, to squeeze a few more games from the fading daylight. The boys, mimicking their fathers, played with sticks and bones along the banks of the winding creek, their shrieks fading into the great expanse of the valley — until a chill cut through the air, and it was time to light a fire. The gang gathered wood and huddled close to the flames. Then, as an unfamiliar presence entered the circle of light, they fell to frozen silence. ‘Two men came there wrapped in grey blankets. They stood close, and we saw they were white men.’

The youngsters bolted towards the village in a panic, but when they looked back, the men in the grey blankets had disappeared -and they were soon forgotten as the games began again. Bed-time came, and the children lay down without sharing this unsettling sight with their elders.



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