Caravaggio
After staying in Milan for his apprenticeship, Michelangelo da Caravaggio arrived in Rome in 1592. There he started to paint with both realism and psychological analysis of the sitters. Caravaggio was as temperamental in his painting as in his wild life. As he also responded to prestigious Church commissions, his dramatic style and his realism were seen as unacceptable. Chiaroscuro had existed well before he came on the scene, but it was Caravaggio who made the technique definitive, darkening the shadows and transfixing the subject in a blinding shaft of light. His influence was immense, firstly through those who were more or less directly his disciples. Famous during his lifetime, Caravaggio had a great influence upon Baroque art. The Genoese and Neapolitan Schools derived lessons from him, and the great movement of Spanish painting in the seventeenth century was connected with these schools. In the following generations the best endowed painters oscillated between the lessons of Caravaggio and the Carracci.
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Biography
Medusa, 1591–1592.
Oil on canvas mounted on a poplar wood shield, 60 × 55 cm.
Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence.
1571: Birth of Michelangelo, eldest son of Fermo Merisi, foreman, mason, and architect of the Marchese of Caravaggio and of Lucia Aratori, daughter of a well-to-do family, probably from Milan where the Marchese had his court.
1576: The plague arrives in Milan, making the Caravaggio family flee.
1577: Death of his father.
1584–1588: Four year apprenticeship in Simone Peterzano’s studio in Milan.
1592–1593: In Rome, where he works for the famous painter Giuseppe Cesari d’Arpino. The well-known works of this period are Young Boy Peeling Fruit (his first known work), Boy with a Basket of Fruit, and Sick Bacchus.
1594: Leaves Giuseppe Cesari d’Arpino in January. He makes an important friendship with the painter Prospero Orsi who introduces him to some leading collectors. His work The Fortune Teller gives him some recognition and allows him to gain the protection of Cardinal Francesco Maria Del Monte.
1599: Receives the commission to paint the Contarelli chapel in the church of San Luigi dei Francesi. His works are met with immediate success.
1601: A wealthy shopkeeper commissions him to paint The Death of the Virgin for his private chapel in the new church Santa Maria della Scala, of the Carmelite Order in Rome.
1606: The Carmelites refuse The Death of the Virgin. Giulio Mancini, a contemporary of Caravaggio, supposes that Caravaggio chose a courtesan as the model.
During a brawl, Caravaggio accidentally kills the painter Tomassoni. Although under the protection of high dignitaries, he must flee. He goes to Naples where he is out of reach of Roman justice and is protected by the Colonna family. Thanks to the influence of this family, the church awards him the commission to paint the Madonna of the Rosary and the Seven Works of Mercy.
1607: Departs for Malta, to the headquarters of the Knights of the Order of Malta, where he hopes to obtain the protection of Alof de Wignacourt, Grand Master of the Order, and to finally be pardoned.
1608: Wignacourt, impressed by having Caravaggio as official painter of the Order of Malta, bestows on him the Knighthood of the Order. The known works of this period are The Beheading of Saint John the Baptist, the Portrait of Alof de Wignacourt, and some portraits of knights.
He is imprisoned in August after a brawl, during which one of the knights is seriously wounded. In December he is expelled from the Order of Malta.
1609: He spends nine months in Sicily but after getting attacked he returns to Naples to enjoy the protection of the Colonna family, and waits for the papal pardon in order to finally return to Rome. But in Naples, he is once again attacked by strangers. He paints Salome with the Head of John the Baptist, showing his head on a serving plate, and sends it to Wignacourt to implore his forgiveness.
1610: Departs for Rome to obtain his papal pardon. A messenger from Rome informs the court of Urbino about the death of the painter. A poet friend of Caravaggio establishes the date of his death as 18 July.
The Painter of Pleasures and Taboos
Caravaggio, as a painter of sensuality, was equally as talented in evoking the pleasures of the table. The people in his paintings are frequently eating and drinking, and even when he doesn’t explicitly depict food and drink, he discreetly adds a dish or culinary accessory.
Boy Peeling a Fruit (copy)
c. 1592–1593
Oil on canvas, 75.5 × 64.4 cm
Private collection, Rome
The events of the painter’s life which have interested historians are littered with allusions to his resentment towards the meagre meals offered to him by his hosts, to his anger at an innkeeper concerning the seasoning of artichokes, or to the brawls in which he was involved in various taverns of Rome and Naples. In the famous painting Rest on the Flight into Egypt, he places a large bottle of wine next to the figure of Saint Joseph. There are also the bunches of grapes in the painting of Bacchus and the self-portrait as Bacchus (Sick Bacchus or Satyr with Grapes), and the fruit in Boy Peeling a Fruit, Boy Bitten by a Lizard, Boy with a Basket of Fruit, and Basket of Fruit in the Ambrosiana Gallery.
Boy Peeling a Fruit (copy, detail)
c. 1592–1593
Oil on canvas, 75.5 × 64.4 cm
Private collection, Rome
In The Lute Player, in St Petersburg, the pears, figs, and fennel are combined with daisies, lilies, and jasmine. All the gifts of God are present on the table of the hedonist Bacchus and of The Musicians who invite the spectator to taste the pleasures of earth and in particular the pleasures provided by music. It is difficult to describe the second version of Supper at Emmaus as spiritual or mystical. This is not because the grapes are out of season, nor because of the sumptuous roast onthe table or the appetising pâté en croûte, but because the faces of the innkeeper and the waitress in the composition are equally as important as that of Christ.
