Lichens
Lichens are fascinating and beautiful organisms able to colonise a vast range of habitats, including seemingly impossible places such as bare icy mountain tops and sun-scorched coastal rocks. This book discusses all aspects of British lichens, revealing the secrets of their success. This edition is exclusive to newnaturalists.comLichens are fascinating and beautiful organisms able to colonise a vast range of habitats, including seemingly impossible places such as bare icy mountain tops and sun-scorched coastal rocks. This book discusses all aspects of British lichens, revealing the secrets of their success.The book begins by looking at how lichens have been used throughout history in medicines, dyes, food and perfumes. It then goes on to describe what lichens are, and how they grow and reproduce. A detailed survey is given of the range of habitats in which lichens can be found: on trees, rocks, heaths and moors, chalk and limestone, mountains, rivers, lakes, the coast, walls and buildings, most famously on churches and in churchyards. Gilbert also discusses the susceptibility of lichens to air pollution, and how they can be used to detect environmental pollution.The comprehensive, reader-friendly text, over 150 illustrations and 16 pages of colour, combine to make Lichens the definitive work on this subject of great natural history interest.
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Collins New Naturalist Library86
Lichens
Oliver Gilbert
Sarah A. Corbet ScD
S.M.Walters, ScD, VMH
Prof. Richard West, ScD, FRS, FGS
David Streeter, FIBiol
Derek A. Ratcliffe
The aim of this series is to interest the general reader in the wildlife of Britain by recapturing the enquiring spirit of the old naturalists. The editors believe that the natural pride of the British public in the native flora and fauna, to which must be added concern for their conservation, is best fostered by maintaining a high standard of accuracy combined with clarity of exposition in presenting the results of modern scientific research.
To Natasha, Kate and Emma
Plate 1
(a) The lichenologist Ray Woods wearing a jersey knitted from lichen-dyed wool (J. Woods).
(b) Lichen dyes. Cudbear (top) produces red dyes and crottle shades of brown (D.J. Hill).
(c) A modern lichen dyer with dye-pot, lichens and treated wool, Strontian.
(d) Central panel of a well-dressing tableau made from petals and several types of lichen, Derbyshire.
(e) Canons Ashby Church, Northamptonshire, showing how lichens enhance architectural detail (D.J. Hill).
Plate 2
(a) The lichen alga Trebouxia growing in culture (The Natural History Museum, London).
(b) Jelly lichens contain the cyanobacterial partner Nostoc (J.M. Gray).
(c) Sticta canariensis âgreen algal morphâ and S. canariensis âcyanobacterial morphâ contain the same fungus (J.M. Gray).
(d) The fruticose growth form exhibited by a beard lichen (Usnea articulata) pendant to 60 cm (J.M. Gray).
Plate 3
(a) Nest of a long-tailed tit (Aegithales caudatus) decorated with lichen to aid concealment by light reflection (B.J. Hatchwell).
(b) Caterpillar of the light crimson underwing moth (Catocala promissa) mimicking a lichen-covered surface (J. Porter).
(c) Caterpillar of the dotted carpet moth (Alcis jubata) feeding on Usnea (P.A. Ardron).
(d) Autumn green carpet moth (Chloroclysta miata) at rest on a lichen-covered tree trunk (R.W. Barnes).
Plate 4
(a) Thick sward of the pollution-tolerant lichen Lecanora conizaeoides on larch.
(b) Usnea florida, a beard lichen that is highly sensitive to several forms of pollution (J.M. Gray).
(c) Lichens on beech that have been killed by airborne fluorides, Invergordon, Scotland.
Plate 5
(a) Old beech woodland, New Forest, Hampshire (T. Heathcote).
(b) Lobaria pulmonaria festooning mossy Atlantic rainforest, Western Scotland (J.M. Gray).
(c) Atlantic oak woodland above Loch Sunart, Ardgour.
(d) A rich Lobarion community covering a bough at Loch Sunart; the lichen with golden soralia is Pseudocyphellaria crocata (F. Rose).
Plate 6
(a) Parmentaria chilensis, a strongly oceanic species known in Britain from one hazel wood at Loch Sunart (A.M. Coppins).
(b) Hypogymnia physodes, a common species of birch woods in the Highlands (J.M. Gray).
(c) A pin-head lichen, Chaenotheca furfuracea (J.M. Gray).
(d) A writing lichen, Graphis scripta, characteristic of smooth bark (J.M. Gray).
(e) Well-lit, smooth bark on many deciduous trees supports a mosaic of small crustose lichens (J.M. Gray).
Plate 7
(a) Ophioparma ventosum, a lichen of acid rocks (I.C. Munro).
(b) Lasallia pustulata, a gregarious lichen (I.C. Munro).
(c) Purple-stained lichen on quartzite, Foinavon (D. Miller).
(d) Ramalina polymorpha, a species typical of basalt tors.
(e) Damp, north-facing slabs of basalt are home to many rare lichens, Trapain Law, Lothian.
Plate 8
(a) Cladonia coccifera, abundant on acid soils (J.M. Gray).
(b) Cladonia floerkeana, the âBengal match lichenâ, abundant in acid habitats (J.M. Gray).
(c) Cladonia portentosa, the commonest of the âReindeer lichensâ (P.A. Ardron).
(d) Close-up of the lichen carpet at Wangford Warren, Breckland.
Plate 9
(a) Lichen-rich chalk grassland has developed where the surface was scraped off in 1940 to form a shooting butt, Martin Down.
(b) Lichenologists inspecting a path on the chalk downs, Butser Hill.
(c) Lichenologists at work on a limestone pavement, Ingleborough.
(d) Synalissa symphorea and Psora lurida on the surface of a limestone pavement, Gait Barrows (J.M. Gray).
(e) Caloplaca aurantia, a species characteristic of Jurassic limestones (T.W. Chester).
Plate 10
(a) Lecanora polytropa growing on iron railings.
(b) Lecanora rupicola thickly encrusting a sandstone tombstone (T.W. Chester).
(c) Rhizocarpon geographicum on a slate tombstone.
(d) Timber-boarded Sussex barn carrying what is believed to be a unique assemblage of rare lichens, Parham Park.
Plate 11
(a) The international community dominated by Lecanora dispersa
