Machine and human intelligence, an updated research
MHIUR 2024
Research of machine and human intelligence based on own knowledge and experiments, analysis of various sources: publications of scientific articles, posts, interviews, news updates, etc. Information for a wide audience, from the very entry level, to experts. The material is more about questions than about answers. Intelligence is an unsolved mystery of nature.
«Intelligence is a human construct to represent the ability to achieve goals.» (Michael E. Hochberg, «A Theory of Intelligences»). Simple and straightforward, but intelligence is not only humans have, and what intelligence is?
«A core function of intelligence is grounding, which is the process of connecting the natural language and abstract knowledge to the internal representation of the real world in an intelligent being, e.g., a human.» (Bing Liu,«Grounding for Artificial Intelligence»). Good point, but intelligence has many more core functions.
«Consider the space of all possible forms of intelligence, what can be called the intelligence
space.» (Paul S. Rosenbloom, «Defining and Exploring the Intelligence Space»). Interesting concept, but even to imagine such «space of all possible forms of intelligence» is close to impossible task.
«In the lone banana problem, the statistics suggested that bananas only appear in twos (or more) and so the AI could not imagine a single banana, because the data and parametric tuning that had gone on didn’t allow it to consider that approach, on average» (Daniel Hook,«The Lone Banana Problem»). No surprise, machine models can only use patterns from their training data and can’t come up with something totally new. «AGI» – did you say, give me two.
«AlphaGeometry is a neuro-symbolic system made up of a neural language model and a symbolic deduction engine, which work together to find proofs for complex geometry theorems. Akin to the idea of „thinking, fast and slow“, one system provides fast, „intuitive“ ideas, and the other, more deliberate, rational decision-making.» (Trieu Trinh and Thang Luong, «An Olympiad-level AI system for geometry»). An interesting idea, a combined approach, in addition, code generation and execution can be used.
«The artificial intelligence may share different principles from the natural intelligence, but both can inspire each other, which may call for establishing new mathematical physics foundation.» (Haiping Huang,«Eight challenges in developing theory of intelligence») – there’s a joke that goes: «if you want to figure out how it works, program it.»
«Machines will be capable, within 20 years, of doing any work that a man can do.» – wrote Herbert Simon in 1960, who won the Nobel Prize in economics and the Turing Prize in computer science.
«Every intelligence is specialized, including human intelligence. Intelligence is a collection of skills and an ability to acquire new ones quickly. It cannot be measured with a scalar quantity. No intelligence can be even close to general, which is why the phrase „Artificial General Intelligence“ makes no sense. There is no question that machines will eventually equal and surpass human intelligence in all domains. But even those systems will not have „general“ intelligence, for any reasonable definition of the word general.» (Yann LeCun). AI, AGI, etc. – is just marketing, nothing more. There are many questions in what areas and what machines can do. Computers are just tools, they have no will of their own. A model of will is possible, but it’ll be just a model. Truly autonomous systems and self-aware systems are projects of the very distant future.
«People don’t change their minds.» (Daniel Kahneman) – partially true, there are other words – «People think one thing, say the second and do the third.»
The limits of my language mean the limits of my world (Ludwig Wittgenstein). It shows that language plays a key role in everything, intelligence and language are tightly connected. To hack an intelligence, hack a language.
«My machine learning professor taught me something I’ll never forget: Always focus on the analysis, and don’t worry about the code. Copy the code. Steal it. Ask somebody to write it for you. It doesn’t matter. Coding is easy. Knowing what to code is what truly matters.» (Santiago Valdarrama). That’s what distinguishes intelligence, to understand what’s important, what you should focus on, and what you shouldn’t waste resources on.
«AI can be considered something that mimics human cognitive functions.» (Igor Ashmanov). It is not a bad definition, considering that AI has different definitions: strong, weak, general AI, etc. You can give another definition yourself, and it will have the right to exist.
«Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one learned in school.» – Albert Einstein. Yes, that’s right, knowledge and intelligence develop only in work. Unused knowledge dies and is forgotten.
«The Truth About Emotional Intelligence. For those who have it, it predicts success in many ways.» (Marc Brackett). EI is an essential part of an intelligence, perhaps even more significant then everything else.
