Men of War: The Changing Face of Heroism in the 19th Century Navy
Through the lives of three outstanding naval officers – each considered the most brilliant commander of his generation – David Crane offers a unique portrait of the Royal Navy at a time when it held unchallenged dominion over the world's oceans.Although all three died young, their careers covered virtually every war of significance in which the navy was involved during the nineteenth century. They fought against French and Americans, Russians, Turks, Egyptians, Indians and Chinese, in fleet engagements and naval bombardments, on the walls of Canton and the banks of the Mississippi, against Malay pirates and sepoy mutineers.As an eleven-year-old volunteer, Frank Hastings saw action at Trafalgar, and he went on to be revered as a hero of the Greek War of Independence. Yet, as the architect and captain of the first successful steam warship and the champion of gunnery and total war, he unwittingly prepared the way for much that would be bloodiest in the century ahead.Nobody who saw him in the trenches of the Crimea would ever forget William Peel's air of inviolable self-mastery under fire, and it was the same in India, where he could ride through a landscape of decomposing corpses as if it were some mythological world conjured up to try his knightly resolve. What was it that enabled a man of his intelligence, temperament, piety and background to fight with such brilliance in defence of an Ottoman Empire that was repugnant to every tenet he held most strongly?If James Goodenough chased Glory as assiduously as Hastings and Peel had done, it was the Glory of the next world, and not this. Throughout his career he strove to reconcile the demands of his faith and his profession, but when he finally met his martyrdom at the hands of the 'savages' of the Pacific islands, a shocked nation was left to face up to the inconsistencies, hypocrisies and self-deceptions on which floated its vision of divine election.Combining thrilling scenes of battle with acute psychological insight, Men of War provides a remarkable picture of the nature of courage, command and warfare.Note that it has not been possible to include the same picture content that appeared in the original print version.
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MEN OF WAR
Courage Under Fire in the Nineteenth-Century Navy
DAVID CRANE
For my Mother and Father
Contents
Introduction: Hastingsâs Sword
Peel: A Verray Parfit Gentil Knyght
Hastingsâs Sword
My sword, I give to him that shall succeed me in my pilgrimage, and my courage and skill, to him that can get it.
John Bunyan, The Pilgrimâs Progress
The boast of heraldry, the pomp of powâr,
And all that beauty, all that wealth eâer gave,
Awaits alike thâinevitable hour,
The paths of glory lead but to the grave.
Thomas Gray,
âElegy Written in a Country Churchyardâ
I FIRST CAME ACROSS the idea for this book fifteen years ago in the British School in Athens while working on a biography of Edward Trelawny. I was going through the archive of the great philhellene and historian of Greece, George Finlay, and in among his papers was the draft will of an ex-English naval officer and hero of the Greek War of Independence called Frank Abney Hastings.
It seemed that almost nothing was known of Hastings before he arrived in Greece â aristocratic connections, Trafalgar at the age of eleven, a row with his superiors that brought his career with the Royal Navy to a premature end â but it was the will rather than the man that grabbed my attention. Like almost every document that Hastings ever left it is heavily scored and corrected, but in among a few minor bequests to a servant and friends was a single clause â the gift of an inscribed sword with instructions that it was to be passed down the generations from officer to officer in perpetuity â that seemed to conjure not just a man but a whole world and tradition into vivid and immediate life.
Memory has a way of improving, or at least âtidyingâ things, and when I went back to the archive some years later the clause was both less elegant and more robust than I had recalled. In it Hastings nominates a man called Edward Scott, 1st Lieutenant of the Cambrian, âthe finest officerâ he had ever served with, as his beneficiary, with the rider that
he will cause to be inscribed on the blades of my swords and on the Barrels of my Fire arms the following words. Viz âThis /Gun/ Pistol or sword (as the case may be) was bequeathed by Frank Abney Hastings to his former Messmate Captain Edward Scott RN and I further request of the said Edward Scott that these arms and my Nautical Instruments and my watch, may never be sold but that he should bequeath them to that Naval Officer whose Skill and Valour he most admires.
There is something gloriously immodest and extravagant about this that is typical of Hastings â as if Achilles had bequeathed his shield and sword, and then, what the hell, thrown in his helmet and greaves for good measure â but for all that the idea is still a profoundly generous one. There was nothing unusual in one officer presenting a commemorative sword to another in this way, but what Hastingsâs bequest enshrines is not so much a memorial to himself as an idea of naval service that links generation to generation in an organic tradition of âSkillâ and âValourâ in which he himself formed one small but brilliant link.
And in spite of the fact that Hastings is now virtually unknown in the country of his birth â and scarcely remembered in the country of his adoption â no nineteenth-century naval officer so boldly carried the torch. It used to be said by a rueful Spanish ambassador that every English captain an enemy faced was a Nelson, and if that is about as accurate as most generalisations about the Royal Navy, it is probably truer of Hastings than it was of any young officer of his generation who learned his trade during the last decade of the Napoleonic Wars.
âWho is the happy Warrior? Who is he, That every man in arms should wish to be?â asked Wordsworth, and almost a century before Herbert Read found his own savage answer in the trenches of Flanders, Hastings triumphantly filled the bill. It is possible that he had other interests than fighting and the art of war, but born as he was in the first year of the conflict with Revolutionary France he never knew or seemed to want anything else, fighting against Napoleon and the United States for as long as there were battles to be fought, before transferring his allegiances and genius to the nascent Greece in her struggle for independence from Ottoman oppression.
Hastings has only himself to blame that he is not better known, but as the architect and captain of the first successful steam warship and the great prophet of gunnery and total war, he was the unacknowledged godfather to everything that was bloodiest in the century ahead. âGreat Britain is especially called upon to acknowledge her obligations to Captain Hastings,â George Finlay wrote with premature optimism in 1845, at a time when the Royal Navy was tardily implementing the revolutionary lessons Hastings had given the worldâs navies almost twenty years before.
