Money, money circulation and credit

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This еducational manual reviews the questions of money, credit and bank system theory and practice in our country. In particular the essence of money, money turnover, credit, money, credit and bank system of the state, the establishment and development of the bank system of our Republic, its functions and operations, the capital market, stock-market and international currency and credit relations development.

This еducational manual is published for students and lecturers of the economic universities.

And is also could be useful for credit and fi nancial system employees.

Any distribution of this work or its part without the author’s agreement or other actions which violate a copyright norms are prohibited and punished by law.

В учебном пособии рассматриваются вопросы теории и практики денег, кредита и банковской системы страны, в частности, сущность денег, денежное обращение, кредит, денежная, кредитная и банковская система государства, становление и развитие банковской системы республики, ее функции и операции, развитие рынка ценных бумаг, фондовая биржа и международные валютно-кредитные отношения.

Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов и преподавателей экономических вузов. Также оно может быть полезным работникам кредитно-финансовой системы. Любое распространение этой работы или ее части без согласия автора или других действий, которые нарушают авторское право, запрещены и караются по закону.

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#Бизнес-книги #Зарубежная литература #Банковское дело #Зарубежная образовательная литература

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INTRODUCTION

The most dynamically developing sector of Kazakhstan’s financial system is banking sector. Any economics is based on objective economic laws, one of which is money circulation. Money cycle happens under the influence of financial institutes and first of all of banks which create the basis for money circulation and are linked with all the branches and sectors of the economic.

Banks provide sponsorship for different forms of entrepreneur- ships of producing and nonproducing spheres, managing sphere and supply budget with necessary funds. Either the banks carry a two-way traffic of money borrowed. Development of the State payment system, national currency stability, growth of economics and human wellbeing depend on condition and reliability of the banking system. It stipulates the necessity of qualification level quality improvement of the banking specialists.

This study guide consistently and intelligibly describes the basic questions of the course «Money. Credit. Banks» shows the basic theoretical and practical knowledges of banking, its organization, peculiarities and problems of development. In substantial plan this study guide satisfies the requirements of the State educational standard with a specialization in «Finance» and the program of the course «Money. Credit. Banks.»

The study guide reveals the meanings of money, money circulation, monetary system, the essence of credit functions, credit system, bank, banking, bank operations and the modern picture of Kazakhstan’s banking system, its structure and the basic directions of modernization and also the National Bank of Kazakhstan activity organization, its functions, essence and bank operations content are reviewed.

A special attention is paid to the questions of commercial banks’ activity organization, to the meanings of proprietary and borrowed resources.

The active operations of commercial banks are described in sufficient detail, as traditional (credit provision and transactions in securities) and far less the case in banking practice (leasing, forfeiting, factoring, trust and exchange operations). The meanings and classifications of banking risks, methods of their control are noticed.

Such approach allows to support the logic of the study guide exposition and to examine deeply the learned categories.

The application examples are exemplified from the banking activity experience. Illustrations (schemes, drawing, diagrams and tables) provide the easiest study of reviewed themes.

During this study guide publishing the National Bank of Kazakhstan’s law and regulations were used and the works of famous Kazakh and Russian economists Khamitov, G.S. Seitkassimov, Sh.R.Abdilmanova, S.Zh.Yntykbayeva, U.M. Iskakov, O.I. Lavrushina, Z.G. Shirinskaya, E.F. Zhukov, etc.

Chapter I. MONEY

Section 1. THE ESSENCE AND FUNCTIONS OF MONEY

1.1.1. The necessity and essence of money

Money is probably one of the greatest inventions of a human thought. It hasn’t any analogues in an animated nature. The whole structure of the modern economy is determined by the existence of money. The world economy has two basic theories of the money origin: rational and evolutional.

According to the rational theory money is the result of an agreement between people who invented them as a special instrument used for goods exchange.

The followers of this theory were such famous American economists as John Kenneth Galbraith, Campbell R. McConnell, Stanley L. Brue, Paul Anthony Samuelson, etc.

At present time when the modern types of money are in daily use (paper and electronic money) this theory looks quite reasonable and reliable. However it doesn’t discover any mystery in the money nature understanding. Though the rational theory followers themselves do not deny it.

The second theory was offered by Karl Marx. He affirmed that the money mystery will disappear if retrace their history «… from the simplest form of exchange to the brightest – monetary form».

Karl Marx linked the evolutional theory of money origin with the labor theory of value whereof follows that the cost of good measures by the quantity of abstract labor (i.e. labor in common, not exact) spent on its production.

Nowadays the majority of native scientists hold the evolutional theory of the money origin. There are several stages of the money evolution history:

The first stage is simple or elementary form of value.

The money origin date to 7^>th-8^>th millenium B.C.E. when the primitive people recognized some surpluses of the products which could be changed on the other required products, i.e. the exchange occurred at random: one product valued by another opposite. Marx wrote that this form is not so simple as could seem because it has two poles of value expression.

On the first pole is the good which expresses its value, which plays the active role (relative form of value); and on the second pole is the good which is used as a material for the first good value expression, which plays the passive role and is in an equivalent form. Thus, the relative and the equivalent forms are the two poles of the value expression.

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