HISTORY OF PSYCHIC POWERS
Throughout the history of mankind there have been those who claimed supernatural powers: the power to predict the future or to converse with the spirits. Early man was in no doubt that his ancestors were alive after death and still had powers that could affect the living, so he practised ancestor worship, including spirit communication.
Consulting the spirits was part of all the great early civilisations. The ancient Greeks, Chinese and Romans all practised divination and consulted oracles as a way of asking for spirit guidance, while mediumship also played an important part in early Christianity. But the Middle Ages put an end to open displays of mediumship in the Western world. In the fourth century, the Christian Council of Nicaea proclaimed that mediums and sorcerers were the servants of the Devil, and Godâs guidance should only be sought through priests. As a result, those who practiced the psychic arts were accused of being witches under the Popeâs decree of 1484, and they were ordered to be put to death.
Spiritualism
In the 1800s in Europe and America a widespread interest in spirit communication came to the fore once more. The forerunners of the modern interest in psychic phenomena were two movements in the nineteenth century: Mesmerism and Spiritualism. Franz Anton Mesmer (1734â1815) was the inventor of Mesmerism, the forerunner of hypnosis (invented by James Braid, 1795â1860). He was the first person in the Victorian Age to formulate a theory about mind overruling matter. He showed that the power of suggestion could have an extraordinary effect on the body. His techniques awakened interest in America and Britain in the idea of non-physical powers. Famous British writers such as Charles Dickens, Charlotte Brontë and Elizabeth Barrett Browning were all interested in Mesmerâs phenomena. Mesmerism became popular in Europe and America, but soon it was overtaken by a new fashion for contacting the dead, called Spiritualism.
Modern Spiritualism began in 1848 in America, when sisters Margaretta and Catherine Fox of Hydesville, New York State, established communication with a spirit who was responsible for noisy rapping sounds within the family home. The case garnered great publicity and brought the idea of spirit communication and mediumship into the open once again. By the middle of the century, the new Spiritualism movement had two million followers. In America, and in Britain (from 1852), home séances became popular, and many former followers of Mesmer became mediums.
Early on, Spiritualism mainly consisted of physical demonstrations of spirit communication, such as table-rapping and table-tilting or turning. Soon, other ways of proving spirit existence, such as spirit photography, became popular and many mediums took to the stage, taking Spiritualism to a public audience.